diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java
index d41c0b4fbdb3e..caab15251f58f 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java
@@ -52,12 +52,17 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
     private static final String GATEWAY_CONNECTION_CONFIGS_KEY = "mGatewayConnectionConfigs";
     @NonNull private final Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> mGatewayConnectionConfigs;
 
+    private static final String IS_TEST_MODE_PROFILE_KEY = "mIsTestModeProfile";
+    private final boolean mIsTestModeProfile;
+
     private VcnConfig(
             @NonNull String packageName,
-            @NonNull Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> gatewayConnectionConfigs) {
+            @NonNull Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> gatewayConnectionConfigs,
+            boolean isTestModeProfile) {
         mPackageName = packageName;
         mGatewayConnectionConfigs =
                 Collections.unmodifiableSet(new ArraySet<>(gatewayConnectionConfigs));
+        mIsTestModeProfile = isTestModeProfile;
 
         validate();
     }
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
                 new ArraySet<>(
                         PersistableBundleUtils.toList(
                                 gatewayConnectionConfigsBundle, VcnGatewayConnectionConfig::new));
+        mIsTestModeProfile = in.getBoolean(IS_TEST_MODE_PROFILE_KEY);
 
         validate();
     }
@@ -103,6 +109,15 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
         return Collections.unmodifiableSet(mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns whether or not this VcnConfig is restricted to test networks.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean isTestModeProfile() {
+        return mIsTestModeProfile;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Serializes this object to a PersistableBundle.
      *
@@ -119,13 +134,14 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
                         new ArrayList<>(mGatewayConnectionConfigs),
                         VcnGatewayConnectionConfig::toPersistableBundle);
         result.putPersistableBundle(GATEWAY_CONNECTION_CONFIGS_KEY, gatewayConnectionConfigsBundle);
+        result.putBoolean(IS_TEST_MODE_PROFILE_KEY, mIsTestModeProfile);
 
         return result;
     }
 
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
-        return Objects.hash(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
+        return Objects.hash(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs, mIsTestModeProfile);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -136,7 +152,8 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
 
         final VcnConfig rhs = (VcnConfig) other;
         return mPackageName.equals(rhs.mPackageName)
-                && mGatewayConnectionConfigs.equals(rhs.mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
+                && mGatewayConnectionConfigs.equals(rhs.mGatewayConnectionConfigs)
+                && mIsTestModeProfile == rhs.mIsTestModeProfile;
     }
 
     // Parcelable methods
@@ -172,6 +189,8 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
         @NonNull
         private final Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> mGatewayConnectionConfigs = new ArraySet<>();
 
+        private boolean mIsTestModeProfile = false;
+
         public Builder(@NonNull Context context) {
             Objects.requireNonNull(context, "context was null");
 
@@ -206,6 +225,22 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
             return this;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Restricts this VcnConfig to matching with test networks (only).
+         *
+         * <p>This method is for testing only, and must not be used by apps. Calling {@link
+         * VcnManager#setVcnConfig(ParcelUuid, VcnConfig)} with a VcnConfig where test-network usage
+         * is enabled will require the MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS permission.
+         *
+         * @return this {@link Builder} instance, for chaining
+         * @hide
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder setIsTestModeProfile() {
+            mIsTestModeProfile = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
         /**
          * Builds and validates the VcnConfig.
          *
@@ -213,7 +248,7 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
          */
         @NonNull
         public VcnConfig build() {
-            return new VcnConfig(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
+            return new VcnConfig(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs, mIsTestModeProfile);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java
index 471d2af2784f4..f274305d313bd 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java
@@ -421,6 +421,14 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
                 "Carrier privilege required for subscription group to set VCN Config");
     }
 
+    private void enforceManageTestNetworksForTestMode(@NonNull VcnConfig vcnConfig) {
+        if (vcnConfig.isTestModeProfile()) {
+            mContext.enforceCallingPermission(
+                    android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS,
+                    "Test-mode require the MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS permission");
+        }
+    }
+
     private class VcnSubscriptionTrackerCallback implements TelephonySubscriptionTrackerCallback {
         /**
          * Handles subscription group changes, as notified by {@link TelephonySubscriptionTracker}
@@ -588,6 +596,7 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
 
         mContext.getSystemService(AppOpsManager.class)
                 .checkPackage(mDeps.getBinderCallingUid(), config.getProvisioningPackageName());
+        enforceManageTestNetworksForTestMode(config);
         enforceCallingUserAndCarrierPrivilege(subscriptionGroup, opPkgName);
 
         Binder.withCleanCallingIdentity(() -> {
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java
index 9ecd82ff6bcbb..8d87348ac48f8 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ import android.net.vcn.IVcnStatusCallback;
 import android.net.vcn.IVcnUnderlyingNetworkPolicyListener;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnConfig;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnConfigTest;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkPolicy;
 import android.os.IBinder;
@@ -527,6 +528,28 @@ public class VcnManagementServiceTest {
         verify(mConfigReadWriteHelper).writeToDisk(any(PersistableBundle.class));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testSetVcnConfigTestModeRequiresPermission() throws Exception {
+        doThrow(new SecurityException("Requires MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS"))
+                .when(mMockContext)
+                .enforceCallingPermission(
+                        eq(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS), any());
+
+        final VcnConfig vcnConfig =
+                new VcnConfig.Builder(mMockContext)
+                        .addGatewayConnectionConfig(
+                                VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig())
+                        .setIsTestModeProfile()
+                        .build();
+
+        try {
+            mVcnMgmtSvc.setVcnConfig(TEST_UUID_2, vcnConfig, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+            fail("Expected exception due to using test-mode without permission");
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            verify(mMockPolicyListener, never()).onPolicyChanged();
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testSetVcnConfigNotifiesStatusCallback() throws Exception {
         triggerSubscriptionTrackerCbAndGetSnapshot(Collections.singleton(TEST_UUID_2));