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+ As the Android platform has continued to grow, so has the size of Android apps. When your + application and the libraries it references reach a certain size, you encounter build errors that + indicate your app has reached a limit of the Android app build architecture. Earlier versions of + the build system report this error as follows: +

+ +
+Conversion to Dalvik format failed:
+Unable to execute dex: method ID not in [0, 0xffff]: 65536
+
+ +

+ More recent versions of the Android build system display a different error, which is an + indication of the same problem: +

+ +
+trouble writing output:
+Too many field references: 131000; max is 65536.
+You may try using --multi-dex option.
+
+ +

+ Both these error conditions display a common number: 65,536. This number is significant in that + it represents the total number of references that can be invoked by the code within a single + Dalvik Executable (dex) bytecode file. If you have built an Android app and received this error, + then congratulations, you have a lot of code! This document explains how to move past this + limitation and continue building your app. +

+ +

+ Note: The guidance provided in this document supersedes the guidance given in + the Android Developers blog post Custom Class + Loading in Dalvik. +

+ + +

About the 65K Reference Limit

+ +

+ Android application (APK) files contain executable bytecode files in the form of Dalvik Executable (DEX) files, which + contain the compiled code used to run your app. The Dalvik Executable specification limits the + total number of methods that can be referenced within a single DEX file to 65,536, including + Android framework methods, library methods, and methods in your own code. Getting past this limit + requires that you configure your app build process to generate more than one DEX file, known as a + multidex configuration. +

+ + +

Multidex support prior to Android 5.0

+ +

+ Versions of the platform prior to Android 5.0 use the Dalvik runtime for executing app code. By + default, Dalvik limits apps to a single classes.dex bytecode file per APK. In order to get around + this limitation, you can use the + multidex support library, which becomes part of the primary DEX file of your app and then + manages access to the additional DEX files and the code they contain. +

+ + +

Multidex support for Android 5.0 and higher

+ +

+ Android 5.0 and higher uses a runtime called ART which natively supports loading multiple dex + files from application APK files. ART performs pre-compilation at application install time which + scans for classes(..N).dex files and compiles them into a single .oat file for execution by the + Android device. For more information on the Android 5.0 runtime, see Introducing ART. +

+ + +

Avoiding the 65K Limit

+ +

+ Before configuring your app to enable use of 65K or more method references, you should take steps + to reduce the total number of references called by your app code, including methods defined by + your app code or included libraries. The following strategies can help you avoid hitting the dex + reference limit: +

+ +
    +
  • + Review your app's direct and transitive dependencies - Ensure any large library + dependency you include in your app is used in a manner that outweighs the amount of code + being added to the application. A common anti-pattern is to include a very large library + because a few utility methods were useful. Reducing your app code dependencies can often help + you avoid the dex reference limit. +
    • +
  • + Remove unused code with ProGuard - Configure the ProGuard settings for your app to run ProGuard and + ensure you have shrinking enabled for release builds. Enabling shrinking ensures you + are not shipping unused code with your APKs. +
    • +
+ + +

+ Using these techniques can help you avoid the build configuration changes required to enable more + method references in your app. These steps can also decrease the size of your APKs, which is + particularly important for markets where bandwidth costs are high. +

+ + +

Configuring Your App for Multidex with Gradle

+ +

+ The Android plugin for Gradle available in Android SDK Build Tools 21.1 and higher supports + multidex as part of your build configuration. Make sure you update the Android SDK Build Tools + tools and the Android Support Repository to the latest version using the SDK Manager before attempting to configure your app + for multidex. +

+ +

+ Setting up your app development project to use a multidex configuration requires that you make a + few modifications to your app development project. In particular you need to perform the + following steps: +

+ +
    +
  • Change your Gradle build configuration to enable multidex
    • +
  • Modify your manifest to reference the {@link android.support.multidex.MultiDexApplication} + class
    • +
+ +

+ Modify your app Gradle build file configuration to include the support library and enable + multidex output, as shown in the following Gradle build file snippet: +

+ +
+android {
+    compileSdkVersion 21
+    buildToolsVersion "21.1.0"
+
+    defaultConfig {
+        ...
+        minSdkVersion 14
+        targetSdkVersion 21
+        ...
+
+        // Enabling multidex support.
+        multiDexEnabled true
+    }
+    ...
+}
+
+dependencies {
+  compile 'com.android.support:multidex:1.0.0'
+}
+
+ +

+ Note: You can specify the multiDexEnabled setting in the + defaultConfig, buildType, or productFlavor sections of + your Gradle build file. +

+ + +

+ In your manifest add the {@link android.support.multidex.MultiDexApplication} class from the + multidex support library to the application element. +

+ +
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    package="com.example.android.multidex.myapplication">
+    <application
+        ...
+        android:name="android.support.multidex.MultiDexApplication">
+        ...
+    </application>
+</manifest>
+
+ +

+ When these configuration settings are added to an app, the Android build tools construct a + primary dex (classes.dex) and supporting (classes2.dex, classes3.dex) as needed. The build system + will then package them into an APK file for distribution. +

+ +

+ Note: If your app uses extends the {@link android.app.Application} class, you + can override the attachBaseContext() method and call MultiDex.install(this) to enable multidex. + For more information, see the {@link android.support.multidex.MultiDexApplication} reference + documentation. +

+ +

Limitations of the multidex support library

+ +

+ The multidex support library has some known limitations that you should be aware of and test for + when you incorporate it into your app build configuration: +

+ +
    +
  • The installation of .dex files during startup onto a device's data partition is complex and + can result in Application Not Responding (ANR) errors if the secondary dex files are large. In + this case, you should apply code shrinking techniques with ProGuard to minimize the size of dex + files and remove unused portions of code. +
    • + +
  • Applications that use multidex may not start on devices that run versions of the platform + earlier than Android 4.0 (API level 14) due to a Dalvik linearAlloc bug (Issue 22586). If you are targeting API levels earlier than 14, make + sure to perform testing with these versions of the platform as your application can have issues + at startup or when particular groups of classes are loaded. Code shrinking can reduce or possibly + eliminate these potential issues. +
    • + +
  • Applications using a multidex configuration that make very large memory allocation + requests may crash during run time due to a Dalvik linearAlloc limit (Issue 78035). The allocation limit was increased in Android 4.0 (API + level 14), but apps may still run into this limit on Android versions prior to + Android 5.0 (API level 21). +
    • + +
  • There are complex requirements regarding what classes are needed in the primary dex file when + executing in the Dalvik runtime. The Android build tooling updates handle the Android + requirements, but it is possible that other included libraries have additional dependency + requirements including the use of introspection or invocation of Java methods from native code. + Some libraries may not be able to be used until the multidex build tools are updated to allow you + to specify classes that must be included in the primary dex file. +
    • +
+ + +

Optimizing Multidex Development Builds

+ +

+ A multidex configuration requires significantly increased build processing time because the build + system must make complex decisions about what classes must be included in the primary DEX file + and what classes can be included in secondary DEX files. This means that routine builds performed + as part of the development process with multidex typically take longer and can potentially slow + your development process. +

+ +

+ In order to mitigate the typically longer build times for multidex output, you should create two + variations on your build output using the Android plugin for Gradle + + {@code productFlavors}: a development flavor and a production flavor. +

+ +

+ For the development flavor, set a minimum SDK version of 21. This setting generates multidex + output much faster using the ART-supported format. For the release flavor, set a minimum SDK + version which matches your actual minimum support level. This setting generates a multidex APK + that is compatible with more devices, but takes longer to build. +

+ +

+ The following build configuration sample demonstrates the how to set up these flavors in a Gradle + build file: +

+ +
+android {
+    productFlavors {
+        // Define separate dev and prod product flavors.
+        dev {
+            // dev utilizes minSDKVersion = 21 to allow the Android gradle plugin
+            // to pre-dex each module and produce an APK that can be tested on
+            // Android Lollipop without time consuming dex merging processes.
+            minSdkVersion 21
+        }
+        prod {
+            // The actual minSdkVersion for the application.
+            minSdkVersion 14
+        }
+    }
+          ...
+    buildTypes {
+        release {
+            runProguard true
+            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'),
+                                                 'proguard-rules.pro'
+        }
+    }
+}
+dependencies {
+  compile 'com.android.support:multidex:1.0.0'
+}
+
+ +

+ After you have completed this configuration change, you can use the devDebug variant + of your app, which combines the attributes of the dev productFlavor and the + debug buildType. Using this target creates a debug app with proguard disabled, + multidex enabled, and minSdkVersion set to Android API level 21. These settings cause the Android + gradle plugin to do the following: +

+ +
    +
  1. Build each module of the application (including dependencies) as separate dex files. This is + commonly referred to as pre-dexing. +
    2. + +
  2. Include each dex file in the APK without modification. +
    3. + +
  3. Most importantly, the module dex files will not be combined, and so the long-running + calculation to determine the contents of the primary dex file is avoided. +
    4. +
+ +

+ These settings result in fast, incremental builds, because only the dex files of modified modules + are recomputed and repackaged into the APK file. The APK that results from these builds can be + used to test on Android 5.0 devices only. However, by implementing the configuration as a flavor, + you preserve the ability to perform normal builds with the release-appropriate minimum SDK level + and proguard settings. +

+ +

+ You can also build the other variants, including a prodDebug variant + build, which takes longer to build, but can be used for testing outside of development. + Within the configuration shown, the prodRelease variant would be the final testing + and release version. If you are executing gradle tasks from the command line, you can use + standard commands with DevDebug appended to the end (such as ./gradlew + installDevDebug). For more information about using flavors with Gradle tasks, see the + Gradle Plugin User + Guide. +

+ +

+ Tip: You can also provide a custom manifest, or a custom application class for each + flavor, allowing you to use the support library MultiDexApplication class, or calling + MultiDex.install() only for the variants that need it. +

+ + +

Using Build Variants in Android Studio

+ +

+ Build variants can be very useful for managing the build process when using multidex. Android + Studio allows you to select these build variants in the user interface. +

+ +

+ To have Android Studio build the "devDebug" variant of your app: +

+ +
    +
  1. Open the Build Variants window from the left-sidebar. The option is located next to + Favorites. +
    2. + +
  2. Click the name of the build variant to select a different variant, as shown in Figure 1. +
    3. +
+ + +

+ Figure 1. Screen shot of the Android Studio left panel showing a build variant. +

+ +

+ Note: The option to open this window is only available after you have + successfully synchronized Android Studio with your Gradle build file using the Tools > + Android > Sync Project with Gradle Files command. +

+ + +

Testing Multidex Apps

+ +

+ Testing apps that use multidex configuration require some additional steps and configuration. + Since the location of code for classes is not within a single DEX file, instrumentation tests do + not run properly unless configured for multidex. +

+ +

+ When testing a multidex app with instrumentation tests, use + + MultiDexTestRunner from the multidex testing support library. The following sample + {@code build.gradle} file, demonstrates how to configure your build to use this test runner: +

+ +
+android {
+  defaultConfig {
+      ...
+      testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.multidex.MultiDexTestRunner"
+  }
+}
+
+dependencies {
+    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support:multidex-instrumentation:1.0.0'
+}
+
+ +

+ You may use the instrumentation test runner class directly or extend it to fit your testing + needs. Alternatively, you can override onCreate in existing instrumentations like this: +

+ +
+public void onCreate(Bundle arguments) {
+    MultiDex.install(getTargetContext());
+    super.onCreate(arguments);
+    ...
+}
+
+ +

+ Note: Use of multidex for creating a test APK is not currently supported. +

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/html/tools/support-library/features.jd b/docs/html/tools/support-library/features.jd index 44c504547db81..3ebfc8989fc8d 100644 --- a/docs/html/tools/support-library/features.jd +++ b/docs/html/tools/support-library/features.jd @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ page.title=Support Library Features

In this document

  1. v4 Support Library
    2. +
  2. Multidex Support Library
  3. v7 Support Libraries
    1. v7 appcompat library
      2. @@ -145,6 +146,34 @@ com.android.support:support-v4:21.0.+

      This dependency notation specifies the release version 21.0.0 or higher.

      +

      Multidex Support Library

      + +

      + This library provides support for building apps with multiple Dalvik Executable (DEX) files. + Apps that reference more than 65536 methods are required to use multidex configurations. For + more information about using multidex, see + Building Apps with Over 65K Methods. +

      + +

      + This library is located in the {@code <sdk>/extras/android/support/multidex/} directory + after you download the Android Support Libraries. The library does not contain user interface + resources. To include it in your application project, follow the instructions for Adding libraries without + resources. +

      + +

      + The Gradle build script dependency identifier for this library is as follows: +

      + +
      +com.android.support:multidex:1.0.+
+
      + +

      This dependency notation specifies the release version 1.0.0 or higher.

      + +

      v7 Support Libraries

      There are several libraries designed to be used with Android 2.1 (API level 7) and higher. diff --git a/docs/html/tools/tools_toc.cs b/docs/html/tools/tools_toc.cs index 8eb9cbfcc1167..ac331858273b1 100644 --- a/docs/html/tools/tools_toc.cs +++ b/docs/html/tools/tools_toc.cs @@ -66,10 +66,17 @@

    2. -
      Building and Running
      +
      + + Building and Running +