diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java
index d41c0b4fbdb3e..caab15251f58f 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnConfig.java
@@ -52,12 +52,17 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
     private static final String GATEWAY_CONNECTION_CONFIGS_KEY = "mGatewayConnectionConfigs";
     @NonNull private final Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> mGatewayConnectionConfigs;
 
+    private static final String IS_TEST_MODE_PROFILE_KEY = "mIsTestModeProfile";
+    private final boolean mIsTestModeProfile;
+
     private VcnConfig(
             @NonNull String packageName,
-            @NonNull Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> gatewayConnectionConfigs) {
+            @NonNull Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> gatewayConnectionConfigs,
+            boolean isTestModeProfile) {
         mPackageName = packageName;
         mGatewayConnectionConfigs =
                 Collections.unmodifiableSet(new ArraySet<>(gatewayConnectionConfigs));
+        mIsTestModeProfile = isTestModeProfile;
 
         validate();
     }
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
                 new ArraySet<>(
                         PersistableBundleUtils.toList(
                                 gatewayConnectionConfigsBundle, VcnGatewayConnectionConfig::new));
+        mIsTestModeProfile = in.getBoolean(IS_TEST_MODE_PROFILE_KEY);
 
         validate();
     }
@@ -103,6 +109,15 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
         return Collections.unmodifiableSet(mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns whether or not this VcnConfig is restricted to test networks.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public boolean isTestModeProfile() {
+        return mIsTestModeProfile;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Serializes this object to a PersistableBundle.
      *
@@ -119,13 +134,14 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
                         new ArrayList<>(mGatewayConnectionConfigs),
                         VcnGatewayConnectionConfig::toPersistableBundle);
         result.putPersistableBundle(GATEWAY_CONNECTION_CONFIGS_KEY, gatewayConnectionConfigsBundle);
+        result.putBoolean(IS_TEST_MODE_PROFILE_KEY, mIsTestModeProfile);
 
         return result;
     }
 
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
-        return Objects.hash(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
+        return Objects.hash(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs, mIsTestModeProfile);
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -136,7 +152,8 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
 
         final VcnConfig rhs = (VcnConfig) other;
         return mPackageName.equals(rhs.mPackageName)
-                && mGatewayConnectionConfigs.equals(rhs.mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
+                && mGatewayConnectionConfigs.equals(rhs.mGatewayConnectionConfigs)
+                && mIsTestModeProfile == rhs.mIsTestModeProfile;
     }
 
     // Parcelable methods
@@ -172,6 +189,8 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
         @NonNull
         private final Set<VcnGatewayConnectionConfig> mGatewayConnectionConfigs = new ArraySet<>();
 
+        private boolean mIsTestModeProfile = false;
+
         public Builder(@NonNull Context context) {
             Objects.requireNonNull(context, "context was null");
 
@@ -206,6 +225,22 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
             return this;
         }
 
+        /**
+         * Restricts this VcnConfig to matching with test networks (only).
+         *
+         * <p>This method is for testing only, and must not be used by apps. Calling {@link
+         * VcnManager#setVcnConfig(ParcelUuid, VcnConfig)} with a VcnConfig where test-network usage
+         * is enabled will require the MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS permission.
+         *
+         * @return this {@link Builder} instance, for chaining
+         * @hide
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        public Builder setIsTestModeProfile() {
+            mIsTestModeProfile = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
         /**
          * Builds and validates the VcnConfig.
          *
@@ -213,7 +248,7 @@ public final class VcnConfig implements Parcelable {
          */
         @NonNull
         public VcnConfig build() {
-            return new VcnConfig(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs);
+            return new VcnConfig(mPackageName, mGatewayConnectionConfigs, mIsTestModeProfile);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java
index be308d01d98a3..2df3e6c7ecd6d 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.java
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  */
 package android.net.vcn;
 
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.IKE_OPTION_MOBIKE;
+
 import static com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
 
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
@@ -433,6 +435,8 @@ public final class VcnGatewayConnectionConfig {
          *     distinguish between VcnGatewayConnectionConfigs configured on a single {@link
          *     VcnConfig}. This will be used as the identifier in VcnStatusCallback invocations.
          * @param tunnelConnectionParams the IKE tunnel connection configuration
+         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the provided IkeTunnelConnectionParams is not
+         *     configured to support MOBIKE
          * @see IkeTunnelConnectionParams
          * @see VcnManager.VcnStatusCallback#onGatewayConnectionError
          */
@@ -441,6 +445,10 @@ public final class VcnGatewayConnectionConfig {
                 @NonNull IkeTunnelConnectionParams tunnelConnectionParams) {
             Objects.requireNonNull(gatewayConnectionName, "gatewayConnectionName was null");
             Objects.requireNonNull(tunnelConnectionParams, "tunnelConnectionParams was null");
+            if (!tunnelConnectionParams.getIkeSessionParams().hasIkeOption(IKE_OPTION_MOBIKE)) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "MOBIKE must be configured for the provided IkeSessionParams");
+            }
 
             mGatewayConnectionName = gatewayConnectionName;
             mTunnelConnectionParams = tunnelConnectionParams;
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java
index 1fd637ad20c4f..ddcb82a58534b 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementService.java
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
     @NonNull private final VcnNetworkProvider mNetworkProvider;
     @NonNull private final TelephonySubscriptionTrackerCallback mTelephonySubscriptionTrackerCb;
     @NonNull private final TelephonySubscriptionTracker mTelephonySubscriptionTracker;
-    @NonNull private final VcnContext mVcnContext;
     @NonNull private final BroadcastReceiver mPkgChangeReceiver;
 
     @NonNull
@@ -212,7 +211,6 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
                 mContext, mLooper, mTelephonySubscriptionTrackerCb);
 
         mConfigDiskRwHelper = mDeps.newPersistableBundleLockingReadWriteHelper(VCN_CONFIG_FILE);
-        mVcnContext = mDeps.newVcnContext(mContext, mLooper, mNetworkProvider);
 
         mPkgChangeReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
             @Override
@@ -336,8 +334,9 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
         public VcnContext newVcnContext(
                 @NonNull Context context,
                 @NonNull Looper looper,
-                @NonNull VcnNetworkProvider vcnNetworkProvider) {
-            return new VcnContext(context, looper, vcnNetworkProvider);
+                @NonNull VcnNetworkProvider vcnNetworkProvider,
+                boolean getIsInTestMode) {
+            return new VcnContext(context, looper, vcnNetworkProvider, getIsInTestMode);
         }
 
         /** Creates a new Vcn instance using the provided configuration */
@@ -421,6 +420,14 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
                 "Carrier privilege required for subscription group to set VCN Config");
     }
 
+    private void enforceManageTestNetworksForTestMode(@NonNull VcnConfig vcnConfig) {
+        if (vcnConfig.isTestModeProfile()) {
+            mContext.enforceCallingPermission(
+                    android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS,
+                    "Test-mode require the MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS permission");
+        }
+    }
+
     private class VcnSubscriptionTrackerCallback implements TelephonySubscriptionTrackerCallback {
         /**
          * Handles subscription group changes, as notified by {@link TelephonySubscriptionTracker}
@@ -544,8 +551,11 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
 
         final VcnCallbackImpl vcnCallback = new VcnCallbackImpl(subscriptionGroup);
 
+        final VcnContext vcnContext =
+                mDeps.newVcnContext(
+                        mContext, mLooper, mNetworkProvider, config.isTestModeProfile());
         final Vcn newInstance =
-                mDeps.newVcn(mVcnContext, subscriptionGroup, config, mLastSnapshot, vcnCallback);
+                mDeps.newVcn(vcnContext, subscriptionGroup, config, mLastSnapshot, vcnCallback);
         mVcns.put(subscriptionGroup, newInstance);
 
         // Now that a new VCN has started, notify all registered listeners to refresh their
@@ -589,6 +599,7 @@ public class VcnManagementService extends IVcnManagementService.Stub {
 
         mContext.getSystemService(AppOpsManager.class)
                 .checkPackage(mDeps.getBinderCallingUid(), config.getProvisioningPackageName());
+        enforceManageTestNetworksForTestMode(config);
         enforceCallingUserAndCarrierPrivilege(subscriptionGroup, opPkgName);
 
         Binder.withCleanCallingIdentity(() -> {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTracker.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTracker.java
index 88180239da677..3c6bb647c5153 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTracker.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTracker.java
@@ -158,8 +158,15 @@ public class UnderlyingNetworkTracker {
      * carrier owned networks may be selected, as the request specifies only subIds in the VCN's
      * subscription group, while the VCN networks are excluded by virtue of not having subIds set on
      * the VCN-exposed networks.
+     *
+     * <p>If the VCN that this UnderlyingNetworkTracker belongs to is in test-mode, this will return
+     * a NetworkRequest that only matches Test Networks.
      */
     private NetworkRequest getRouteSelectionRequest() {
+        if (mVcnContext.isInTestMode()) {
+            return getTestNetworkRequest(mLastSnapshot.getAllSubIdsInGroup(mSubscriptionGroup));
+        }
+
         return getBaseNetworkRequestBuilder()
                 .setSubscriptionIds(mLastSnapshot.getAllSubIdsInGroup(mSubscriptionGroup))
                 .build();
@@ -210,6 +217,16 @@ public class UnderlyingNetworkTracker {
                 .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
     }
 
+    /** Builds and returns a NetworkRequest for the given subIds to match Test Networks. */
+    private NetworkRequest getTestNetworkRequest(@NonNull Set<Integer> subIds) {
+        return getBaseNetworkRequestBuilder()
+                .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .setSubscriptionIds(subIds)
+                .build();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Update this UnderlyingNetworkTracker's TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot.
      *
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
index 7399e56b3a950..d958222ea4070 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
@@ -31,14 +31,17 @@ public class VcnContext {
     @NonNull private final Context mContext;
     @NonNull private final Looper mLooper;
     @NonNull private final VcnNetworkProvider mVcnNetworkProvider;
+    private final boolean mIsInTestMode;
 
     public VcnContext(
             @NonNull Context context,
             @NonNull Looper looper,
-            @NonNull VcnNetworkProvider vcnNetworkProvider) {
+            @NonNull VcnNetworkProvider vcnNetworkProvider,
+            boolean isInTestMode) {
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "Missing context");
         mLooper = Objects.requireNonNull(looper, "Missing looper");
         mVcnNetworkProvider = Objects.requireNonNull(vcnNetworkProvider, "Missing networkProvider");
+        mIsInTestMode = isInTestMode;
     }
 
     @NonNull
@@ -56,6 +59,10 @@ public class VcnContext {
         return mVcnNetworkProvider;
     }
 
+    public boolean isInTestMode() {
+        return mIsInTestMode;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Verifies that the caller is running on the VcnContext Thread.
      *
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.java
index 9410886c3549e..c59dcf879b1c3 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.java
@@ -16,13 +16,17 @@
 
 package android.net.vcn;
 
+import static android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams.IKE_OPTION_MOBIKE;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeTunnelConnectionParams;
+import android.net.vcn.persistablebundleutils.IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest;
 import android.net.vcn.persistablebundleutils.TunnelConnectionParamsUtilsTest;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -119,6 +123,21 @@ public class VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest {
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testBuilderRequiresMobikeEnabled() {
+        try {
+            final IkeSessionParams ikeParams =
+                    IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest.createBuilderMinimum()
+                            .removeIkeOption(IKE_OPTION_MOBIKE)
+                            .build();
+            final IkeTunnelConnectionParams tunnelParams =
+                    TunnelConnectionParamsUtilsTest.buildTestParams(ikeParams);
+            new VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.Builder(GATEWAY_CONNECTION_NAME_PREFIX, tunnelParams);
+            fail("Expected exception due to MOBIKE not enabled");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testBuilderRequiresNonEmptyExposedCaps() {
         try {
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest.java
index 393787f1a8b87..f3851130c68a1 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest.java
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest {
-    // Package private for use in EncryptedTunnelParamsUtilsTest
-    static IkeSessionParams.Builder createBuilderMinimum() {
+    // Public for use in VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest, EncryptedTunnelParamsUtilsTest
+    public static IkeSessionParams.Builder createBuilderMinimum() {
         final InetAddress serverAddress = InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("192.0.2.100");
 
         // TODO: b/185941731 Make sure all valid IKE_OPTIONS are added and validated.
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ public class IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest {
                 .setLocalIdentification(new IkeFqdnIdentification("client.test.android.net"))
                 .setRemoteIdentification(new IkeFqdnIdentification("server.test.android.net"))
                 .addIkeOption(IkeSessionParams.IKE_OPTION_FORCE_PORT_4500)
+                .addIkeOption(IkeSessionParams.IKE_OPTION_MOBIKE)
                 .setAuthPsk("psk".getBytes());
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/TunnelConnectionParamsUtilsTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/TunnelConnectionParamsUtilsTest.java
index 0c8ad32b0c271..f9dc9eb4d5ae9 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/TunnelConnectionParamsUtilsTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/android/net/vcn/persistablebundleutils/TunnelConnectionParamsUtilsTest.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package android.net.vcn.persistablebundleutils;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 
+import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeSessionParams;
 import android.net.ipsec.ike.IkeTunnelConnectionParams;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
@@ -31,9 +32,13 @@ import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 public class TunnelConnectionParamsUtilsTest {
     // Public for use in VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest
     public static IkeTunnelConnectionParams buildTestParams() {
+        return buildTestParams(IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest.createBuilderMinimum().build());
+    }
+
+    // Public for use in VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest
+    public static IkeTunnelConnectionParams buildTestParams(IkeSessionParams params) {
         return new IkeTunnelConnectionParams(
-                IkeSessionParamsUtilsTest.createBuilderMinimum().build(),
-                TunnelModeChildSessionParamsUtilsTest.createBuilderMinimum().build());
+                params, TunnelModeChildSessionParamsUtilsTest.createBuilderMinimum().build());
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java
index 9ecd82ff6bcbb..3360d40062a39 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/VcnManagementServiceTest.java
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyBoolean;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.CALLS_REAL_METHODS;
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ import android.net.vcn.IVcnStatusCallback;
 import android.net.vcn.IVcnUnderlyingNetworkPolicyListener;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnConfig;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnConfigTest;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkPolicy;
 import android.os.IBinder;
@@ -197,7 +199,8 @@ public class VcnManagementServiceTest {
                 .newVcnContext(
                         eq(mMockContext),
                         eq(mTestLooper.getLooper()),
-                        any(VcnNetworkProvider.class));
+                        any(VcnNetworkProvider.class),
+                        anyBoolean());
         doReturn(mSubscriptionTracker)
                 .when(mMockDeps)
                 .newTelephonySubscriptionTracker(
@@ -370,6 +373,12 @@ public class VcnManagementServiceTest {
     public void testTelephonyNetworkTrackerCallbackStartsInstances() throws Exception {
         TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot =
                 triggerSubscriptionTrackerCbAndGetSnapshot(Collections.singleton(TEST_UUID_1));
+        verify(mMockDeps)
+                .newVcnContext(
+                        eq(mMockContext),
+                        eq(mTestLooper.getLooper()),
+                        any(VcnNetworkProvider.class),
+                        anyBoolean());
         verify(mMockDeps)
                 .newVcn(eq(mVcnContext), eq(TEST_UUID_1), eq(TEST_VCN_CONFIG), eq(snapshot), any());
     }
@@ -527,6 +536,28 @@ public class VcnManagementServiceTest {
         verify(mConfigReadWriteHelper).writeToDisk(any(PersistableBundle.class));
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testSetVcnConfigTestModeRequiresPermission() throws Exception {
+        doThrow(new SecurityException("Requires MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS"))
+                .when(mMockContext)
+                .enforceCallingPermission(
+                        eq(android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS), any());
+
+        final VcnConfig vcnConfig =
+                new VcnConfig.Builder(mMockContext)
+                        .addGatewayConnectionConfig(
+                                VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig())
+                        .setIsTestModeProfile()
+                        .build();
+
+        try {
+            mVcnMgmtSvc.setVcnConfig(TEST_UUID_2, vcnConfig, TEST_PACKAGE_NAME);
+            fail("Expected exception due to using test-mode without permission");
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            verify(mMockPolicyListener, never()).onPolicyChanged();
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testSetVcnConfigNotifiesStatusCallback() throws Exception {
         triggerSubscriptionTrackerCbAndGetSnapshot(Collections.singleton(TEST_UUID_2));
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest.java
index 8289e85dadf9a..6f63c4b2e1533 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -112,8 +113,14 @@ public class UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
 
         mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
-        mVcnContext = spy(new VcnContext(mContext, mTestLooper.getLooper(), mVcnNetworkProvider));
-        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+        mVcnContext =
+                spy(
+                        new VcnContext(
+                                mContext,
+                                mTestLooper.getLooper(),
+                                mVcnNetworkProvider,
+                                false /* isInTestMode */));
+        resetVcnContext();
 
         setupSystemService(
                 mContext,
@@ -132,6 +139,11 @@ public class UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest {
                         mNetworkTrackerCb);
     }
 
+    private void resetVcnContext() {
+        reset(mVcnContext);
+        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+    }
+
     private static LinkProperties getLinkPropertiesWithName(String iface) {
         LinkProperties linkProperties = new LinkProperties();
         linkProperties.setInterfaceName(iface);
@@ -149,7 +161,29 @@ public class UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest {
         verifyNetworkRequestsRegistered(INITIAL_SUB_IDS);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testNetworkCallbacksRegisteredOnStartupForTestMode() {
+        resetVcnContext();
+        when(mVcnContext.isInTestMode()).thenReturn(true);
+        reset(mConnectivityManager);
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkTracker =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkTracker(
+                        mVcnContext,
+                        SUB_GROUP,
+                        mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                        Collections.singleton(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET),
+                        mNetworkTrackerCb);
+
+        verifyNetworkRequestsRegistered(INITIAL_SUB_IDS, true /* expectTestMode */);
+    }
+
     private void verifyNetworkRequestsRegistered(Set<Integer> expectedSubIds) {
+        verifyNetworkRequestsRegistered(expectedSubIds, false /* expectTestMode */);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyNetworkRequestsRegistered(
+            Set<Integer> expectedSubIds, boolean expectTestMode) {
         verify(mConnectivityManager)
                 .requestBackgroundNetwork(
                         eq(getWifiRequest(expectedSubIds)),
@@ -162,10 +196,16 @@ public class UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest {
                             any(NetworkBringupCallback.class), any());
         }
 
+        final NetworkRequest expectedRouteSelectionRequest =
+                expectTestMode
+                        ? getTestNetworkRequest(expectedSubIds)
+                        : getRouteSelectionRequest(expectedSubIds);
+
         verify(mConnectivityManager)
                 .requestBackgroundNetwork(
-                        eq(getRouteSelectionRequest(expectedSubIds)),
-                        any(RouteSelectionCallback.class), any());
+                        eq(expectedRouteSelectionRequest),
+                        any(RouteSelectionCallback.class),
+                        any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -204,6 +244,15 @@ public class UnderlyingNetworkTrackerTest {
         return getExpectedRequestBase().setSubscriptionIds(netCapsSubIds).build();
     }
 
+    private NetworkRequest getTestNetworkRequest(Set<Integer> netCapsSubIds) {
+        return getExpectedRequestBase()
+                .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST)
+                .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                .removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                .setSubscriptionIds(netCapsSubIds)
+                .build();
+    }
+
     private NetworkRequest.Builder getExpectedRequestBase() {
         final NetworkRequest.Builder builder =
                 new NetworkRequest.Builder()